MOCA New York City (Museum of Chinese in America)

With so much focus on #BlackLivesMatter, it can be illuminating to look at other ethnic groups in the US. I visited MOCA New York City last year, and it’s high time I published my review.

I used to teach an American Studies overview course here in the Netherlands. Every year I made sure to point out to my students that Blacks are the only group that was brought to the US against their will. Nevertheless, there are many parallels in how different racial groups have been treated throughout US history, much of it based on simple racism.

Given that I used to teach history and American Studies, most of what I saw at the Museum of Chinese in America in New York City was information I already knew, at least in general terms. Nevertheless, the museum presents the history of the Chinese in America in a creative, engaging way. It had me slowing down and examining the exhibits more closely than I expected.

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History of Chinese-Americans at MOCA New York City

The history of the Chinese in America is more complicated than it has often been presented. Of course much of that has to do with plain old racism and stereotypes about the Chinese. The exhibits at MOCA NYC show both the common stereotypes about the Chinese and the reality of their particular immigrant experience.

The cap pistol looks like a small black gun, but on top of the barrel are two human figures, also black metal. The one on the left is a man, presumably white, in a bowler hat. The one on the right is a Chinese man, indicated by his long braided hair. The man on the left is both pulling the braid and kicking the Chinese man in the butt at the same time. It looks like the cap would be in the Chinese man's mouth, which would snap shut when the trigger is pulled. — *Cap pistol from ca 1879-1890. If the trigger is pulled, the man kicks the Chinese man in his butt, which explodes the cap.*

Large numbers of Chinese originally emigrated to California because of the Gold Rush, as I used to teach. MOCA New York, however, paints the wider picture. Chinese immigrants also worked in lots of other industries: fishing, farming, factory labor, and pretty much anywhere where they could make a living.

At the same time, while the labor movement gained traction in the Industrial Revolution, the Chinese were excluded from unions. Sometimes, when workers went on strike, the factory bosses hired Chinese workers as strikebreakers. At the same time, the unions stirred up racism against the Chinese as an enemy of labor and as a danger to society. So the Chinese were seen as a threat, not just by industry leaders and politicians, but also by other immigrant laborers.

They were often invisible too. US history textbooks usually point out, for example, that Chinese laborers built the western half of the first transcontinental railroad. Yet a particular photo displayed in the museum shows how the Chinese were erased from the news coverage at the time. In this famous photo of a handshake in Promontory Summit, Utah Territory, where the two ends of the railroad met, no Chinese can be seen among the crowd.

On the left and the right are two steam locomotives, pointed at each other. A crown stands in front of and on top of the locomotives, all white men, almost all facing the camera. In the middle, between the two engines, two men shake hands, also while looking a tthe camera. — *At Promontory Summit, with not a single Chinese laborer visible.*

An end to Chinese immigration

That’s just one example of anti-Chinese sentiment in the US. While anti-immigrant sentiment in general rose considerably toward the end of the 19^th century, the treatment of Chinese was particularly harsh. Various laws limited their movements and opportunities until, ultimately, passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. This race-based law barred Chinese from entering the country.

This had a harsh effect on the Chinese immigrant community that was already in the US. Family members, for example, of men who had immigrated for work could not enter the country. Many men, already in the country, could not have families because intermarriage was illegal. As Chinese, they were also ineligible for citizenship.

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Chinese businesses in America

Many Chinese, both before and after the Chinese Exclusion Act, opened laundries or restaurants. Both were businesses they could start with little investment. A person could stay independent, unlike factory or other hourly work. Laundry was a job that was done by hand and, frankly, few other people wanted to do it. Chinese restaurants could play on the “exotic” theme, offering “chop suey,” which was cheap and became very popular. Each of these particular livelihoods has a small section of the museum devoted to it.

The display contains a number of items. On the left is a washboard and a number of irons and spray cans, along with one iron sitting on a shelf below them. On the right are some historicl photographs of Chinese laundries and various other documents from the period. A sign explains the Chinese laundry phenomenon. — *A display on the Chinese laundry phenomenon, including an iron to pick up, to get a feel for how heavy the work was.*

World War II and Chinese immigrant life

Things began to change during World War II. Because the US was allied with China, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a bit embarrassing politically. The act was lifted, yet ridiculously low quotas for Chinese immigration stayed in place: 105 Chinese people per year could immigrate.

The section of the museum showing some of the kinds of propaganda that came out in the US during the war, aimed at changing attitudes toward the Chinese (but only a bit) is particularly striking. One magazine article, for example, speaks racist volumes: entitled “How to tell Japs from the Chinese,” it comes complete with annotated photos pointing out facial features.

On the left, a framed copy of LIFE Magazine, with a black and white image of a Chinese pilot looking at the camera out of the cockpit of an airplane. The date at the bottom is May 4, 1942. The photo is labeled "Chinese cadet." On the right is a propaganda poster with a head and shoulders shot of a Chinese Soldier in black and white. Above, the title (white text on blue background) says "This man is your FRIEND." Next to the man's face is the word "Chinese" and below his picture, again in white text on a blue background, it says "He fights for FREEDOM" — *A poster and an edition of Life Magazine from the World War II era.*

The Chinese in America were, at any rate, finally eligible for citizenship. But real opening to immigration didn’t happen until the 1960s, when America’s entire immigration system changed. The new immigration laws still favored whites from northern Europe but nevertheless represented an improvement.

Another section of the museum explores the image of the Chinese as evil and exotic. This image was propagated first through imagery in newspapers and pamphlets and later through films, where the Chinese characters – usually villains like Fu Manchu – were often played by whites. To some extent this changed during the war, when the Japanese replaced the Chinese as the evil characters, still using white actors.

In the center is an image of the Fu Manchu character, looking at the camera, wearing a white robe with red polka dots. He has a mustache that hangs long and thin on either side of his mouth. He wears a wide-brimmed hat. He carries a woman under her back with one hand and under her knees with the other. She is dressed all in red, including red tights, and appears to be unconscious, with her ams and head dangling. Behind is an image of a group of women, all white, mostly dressed in bras. They look at the camera but do not appear to be afraid, but rather alluring. The text at the top says: Better dead than wed! The Master of Evil Takes A Harem of Horror! Below the image it says: Sax Rohmer's The Brides of Fu Manchu in Color, followed by a list of the main actors: Christopher Lee, Douglas Wilner, Marie Versini. — *A Fu Manchu movie poster on display in the museum.*

The “Model Minority” at MOCA NYC

The displays addressing the Chinese as a “model minority” illustrate a particular irony. Many Chinese families succeeded in becoming “Americanized” after World War II. At the same time, the new Chinese immigrants who started arriving later, after the new immigration system came into effect, were often already well-educated before they arrived, unlike earlier immigrants.

The Chinese rise into the middle class was used as a way to play ethnic groups off against each other and prevent them from joining forces during the Civil Rights Movement in the 60s. It manipulated Chinese families into distancing themselves from other minorities: “We’re like you whites, not like those disruptive black protesters.”

At the same time, the model minority myth helped white America claim colorblindness: “See? We’re not racist. The Chinese work hard and succeed. Why can’t you?”

The idea of the Chinese as hardworking and industrious, once considered a threat by labor unions because they were seen as dangerous competition aimed at taking over the country, was now used to describe them in a positive light, to put down other people of color. Keeping people of color divided didn’t always succeed in the 1960s. Today too the Black Lives Matter movement has clear multi-racial support.

My review of MOCA New York City

The museum focuses mostly on the history of the Chinese in America, as well as offering glimpses into the culture of the Chinese immigrant community, past and present. The building, designed by Maya Lin, is dramatic and well-suited for its purpose.

Neat brown wooden shelving, divided in squares and rectangular shelves. The middle ones are 5 squares across, each with a small bin inside it. The bins all have a round know in the center and are painted green with red Chinese lettering. Above and below, various other container: jars, pots and boxes, neatly spaced on the shelves. — *A reconstruction of a Chinese shop in the MOCA Museum, New York City.*

The Museum of the Chinese in America’s stated purpose is “to promote knowledge and understanding of the history and contributions of Chinese Americans.” It succeeds, in my view. The exhibits are clear, accessible and well-lighted, and include ample variety and multimedia elements to stay interesting. (Some of these are available online, including their audio tour. See their website.) It is a bit heavy on the reading + photos formula, but you can get the point from many of the illustrations, videos and audio without reading all of the explanatory signs.

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Visiting MOCA NYC

MOCA New York City: 215 Centre Street, between Howard and Grant Streets, one block north of Canal Street. Two minutes’ walk from the Canal Street subway stop (lines N, Q, R, W, J, Z and 6). Seven minutes’ walk from Grand Street subway stop (lines B and D).

Open Tuesday-Sunday 11:00-18:00 and on Thursdays until 21:00.

Admission: Adults $12, children $8. On the first Thursday of each month, admission is free.

Speaking of admission, if you’re going to pack a lot of sights in New York City into a relatively short visit, it might save you some money if you buy a New York Pass. You can buy the pass based on the number of days you’ll be sightseeing. It activates the first time you use it.